There are many troubles for the beginners of Ubuntu. That is the reason why I write this entry. Please forget all other things except the main focus here, common commands in Ubuntu (the future entries will consider some other problems that I face up to).
As in [1],
Command privileges.
sudo command - run command as root
sudo su – root shell open
sudo su user – open shell as a user
sudo -k – forget your password sudo
gksudo command – sudo visual dialog (GNOME)
kdesudo command – sudo visual dialog (KDE)
sudo visudo – edit / etc / sudoers
gksudo nautilus – root file manager (GNOME)
kdesudo konqueror – root file manager (KDE)
passwd – change your password
Command Network
ifconfig – displays information network (*)
iwconfig – displays information from wireless (**)
sudo iwlist scan – scan wireless networks
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart – reset the network
(file) /etc/network/interfaces – manual configuration
ifup interface – bring online interface
ifdown interface – disable interface
Notes: (*) (**) are used frequently. Here are some examples [2]:
a. ifconfig and route
output before the change
[root@morgan]#ifconfig eth0eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:80:C8:F8:4A:53 inet addr:192.168.98.82 Bcast:192.168.98.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) Interrupt:9 Base address:0x5000[root@morgan]#route -nKernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.98.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo 0.0.0.0 192.168.98.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
eth0: Ethernet connection (in my case, it is used for a connection between PC and USRP).
b. Bringing up an Ethernet interface with ifconfig
[root@morgan]#ifconfig eth0 192.168.99.14 netmask 255.255.255.0 up[root@morgan]#ifconfig eth0eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:80:C8:F8:4A:53 inet addr:192.168.99.14 Bcast:192.168.99.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) Interrupt:9 Base address:0x5000
c. Bringing down a network interface with
ifconfig
[root@morgan]#ifconfig eth0 down
Some kinds of routing examples, please refer to [2] and references therein.
To test the connection after configuring it, we can refer the following examples [2]:
a. Testing reachability of a locally connected host with
ping
[root@tristan]#ping -c 1 -n 192.168.99.254PING 192.168.99.254 (192.168.99.254) from 192.168.99.35 : 56(84) bytes of data. --- 192.168.99.254 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss PING 192.168.99.254 (192.168.99.254) from 192.168.99.35 : 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.99.254: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=238 usec --- 192.168.99.254 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/mdev = 0.238/0.238/0.238/0.000 ms
b. Testing reachability of non-local hosts
[root@tristan]#ping -R -c 1 -n 205.254.211.254PING 205.254.211.254 (205.254.211.254) from 192.168.99.35 : 56(84) bytes of data. --- 205.254.211.254 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss PING 205.254.211.254 (205.254.211.254) from 192.168.99.35 : 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 205.254.211.254: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=238 usec RR: 192.168.99.35205.254.211.179
205.254.211.254
205.254.211.254 192.168.99.254
192.168.99.35
--- 192.168.99.254 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/mdev = 0.238/0.238/0.238/0.000 ms
For more detail and specific focuses on network area, please refer to [3]. The main interest here is just providing some basic examples for the management of networks only.
Commands Display
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart – reset X (Gnome)
sudo /etc/init.d/kdm restart – reset X (KDE)
(file) /etc/X11/xorg.conf – show Configuration
sudo dpkg-reconfigure - reconfigure xserver-xorg-phigh - reset configuration X
Ctrl+Alt+Bksp – X display reset if frozen
Ctrl+Alt+FN – switch to tty N
Ctrl+Alt+F7 – switch back to X display
Commands Service System.
start service – service to start work (Upstart)
stop service – service to stop working (Upstart)
status service – check if service is running (Upstart)
/etc/init.d/service start – start service (SysV)
/etc/init.d/service stop – stop service (SysV)
/etc/init.d/service status – check service (SysV)
/etc/init.d/service restart – reset service (SysV)
runlevel – get current runlevel
Commands for Firewall.
ufw enable – turn on the firewall
ufw disable – turn off the firewall
ufw default allow – allow all connections by default
ufw default deny – drop all connections by default
ufw status – current rules and
ufw allow port – to allow traffic on port
ufw deny port – port block
ufw deny from ip – ip block
Command System.
lsb_release -a – get the version of Ubuntu
uname -r – get kernel version
uname -a – get all the information kernel
Commands for Package Manager.
apt-get update – refresh updates available
apt-get upgrade – update all packages
apt-get dist-upgrade – version update
apt-get install pkg – installing pkg
apt-get remove pkg – uninstall pkg
apt-get autoremove – removing packages obsotletos
apt-get -f install – try to fix packages
dpkg –configure -a – try to fix a broken package
dpkg -i pkg.deb – install file pkg.deb
(file) /etc/apt/sources.list – list of repositories APT
Special Packages For commands.
ubuntu-desktop – Setting the standard Ubuntu
kubuntu-desktop – KDE Desktop
xubuntu-desktop – desktop XFCE
ubuntu-minimal – core earnings Ubuntu
ubuntu-standard – the standard utilities Ubuntu
ubuntu-restricted-extras – not free, but useful
kubuntu-restricted-extras – ditto KDE
xubuntu-restricted-extras – ditto XFCE
build-essential – packages used to compile
linux-image-generic – latest generic kernel image
linux-headers-generic – latest headlines
Applications commands.
nautilus – File Manager (GNOME)
dolphin – File Manager (KDE)
konqueror – Web browser (KDE)
kate – text editor (KDE)
gedit – text editor (GNOME)
Common Commands [4]
- View Directories: - ls
- Create Directories: - mkdir (directory name)
- Remove Files/Directories: - rm (file or directory name). The rm (ReMove) command will delete any filename you specify. The rm -rf command will remove any directory you specify.
- Rename Files/Directories: - mv (file or directory name. The mv (MoVe) command will rename/move any file or directory you specify.
- Find Files/Directories: - locate (file or directory name). The locate command will search your computer for any
filename you specify. It uses an index of the files on your system to
work quickly: to update this index run the command updatedb. This
command is run automatically each day, if you leave your computer on.
It needs to be run with administrative privileges (see the section called "Root And Sudo").
You can also use wildcards to match one or more files, such as "*" (for all files) or "?" (to match one character).
These above commands are the most common ones (in my case). Further exploration of Linux commands, please refer to [5].
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